teaching, working, library or learning practices). As long as the contract for each layer is not broken, an integration task at the end of the project is all that is necessary to complete development. URL: https://www.bredemeyer.com Some information on databases today is not considered time-sensitive and, therefore, does not contain a date attribute. Architecturally significant mechanisms can be sketched out in this context, or in the responsible subteams. Conceptual Architecture expresses the key architectural elements and their relationships that give "shape" to the system. Throughout this chapter, the expressions time-sensitive (time-dependent) and non-time-sensitive (non-time-dependent) will be used. The point these writers are making is that practice architectures are constructed by people working collaboratively within a site. Thus it allows us to explore the system from its earliest conception through evolution. Because it is cheap to do, relying more on how generative our imagination is leveraging the grist of experience, patterns, capabilities in other systems and frameworks, and so forth, we can explore various alternatives, discovering elements and relationships, illuminating the system conception or possibilities we might offer in terms of system capabilities. Many of the elements mentioned have been transformed from conceptual waypoints into actual technologies and systems that have been demonstrated, evaluated in experiments, and extended into new levels of design. Many of the principles mentioned earlier were in play in this early conceptualization (ecological precedence, degree of independence, intelligence, metacognition). How does trust emerge among human actors when uncertainty and biases must be addressed? It is also important to think about future maintenance, which can include not only the interface update but also model update. The problem becomes compounded with analytics and the need for 360 perspective on customers and products with ad-hoc analysis demands from users. However, the tool navigation and the results displayed have to be meaningful for the end users. What is considered information or knowledge will reflect the particular sayings, doings and relating of people who act in consort to enable certain ways of knowing, while constraining other ways. Our approach to Conceptual Architecture in the Visual Architecting Process (VAP) has a long history, with roots in software architecture work we did at HP in the 1990's. The downside of the technology in evolution includes: Current support on certain analytic functions. Another embedded tenet was that the initial architecture begets the meaning of adaptation as being autopoietic where generative knowledge, cognitive processes, and induction were always the product of a changing landscape (whether it was represented as the internal state of the human or external state of the environment). Feedback aims to persuade the user to self themselves for medical advice. The development of an interface of a scheduling system for a real problem and to be used by the business world requires the analysis of issues spanning from the conceptual architecture, real implementation, systems' integration and validation. One of the basic elements in analogue formation is learning through the use of scripts and hermeneutical inferences that could develop as the joint system experienced to world through the information surround, Essentially, this refers to a recursive process in which new associations are made based on a series of successive experiences to enable the intelligent cockpit to predict what actions are needed before their time of occurrence .once such patterns become explicit and necessarily occur with other observed scripts, they can be encoded as heuristics (McNeese, 2006, p. 763). So we explore behavior, in our mind's eye and with responsibility lists, or on paper or the white board, using rough diagrams or informal sketches that just sketchily map interactions to accomplish some piece of behavior. I have integrated some responses, with more work still to be done. This is a cheap way to conduct thought experiments about the system and how it will work and be organized. For example, the Pilot's Associate continued to evolve with design and testing to the point where it was actually fielded on a helicopter as a real system (Miller & Hannen, 1999). This is the fundamental concept behind SQL/MapReduce. As such, these early programs reflected advancements primarily in the areas of automation (but also autonomy), specifically in the area of cockpit automation technology that provided information to pilots automatically. Copyright 2018 by Ruth Malan This is partly an empirical question; further, as the global economy expands and incorporates additional cities into various cross-border networks, it is quite possible that the answer to that particular question will vary over time. If a new version of the data is sent by files, the entire file has to be processed. Taxonomies of models for each component are described with generic requirements and design issues for each model family. ), Susana Relvas, Pedro Pinto, in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 2011. As pointed out in McNeese and McNeese (2016), models of cognitive architecture must answer the following questions to address requirements of their design (pp. This is, in effect, playing the old CRC role playing game, but capturing existing responsibilities and staying at the architectural component (microservice, module, ) level. Then, as the system concept (identity, value propositions and capabilities) takes shape, so too does the Conceptual Architecture. There are a few important components to understand: Figure 4.13. Time sensitivity is merely a measure of how susceptible an attributes (or entire entity occurrences) value or content is to change. As applied to the example case of senior assistance, humane intelligence would provide an architecture of learning and adaptation that would put robots, human service personnel, and the senior adult requiring assistance into the same shared world wherein the analogues and heuristics learned allow the robots and agents to independently assess and control action that supports specific functions of the senior in real time, that puts everyone on the same page such that awareness is enhanced and performance represents extended capabilities. "Conceptual Architecture" is the conceptual view(s) of the architecture of a system. The powerful combination of SQL when extended to MapReduce enables users to explore larger volumes of raw data through normal SQL functions and regular business intelligence tools. This gives developers the ability to interchange layers, which greatly improves the service's maintainability. The way these features emerge will depend on how they are sanctioned within context. For complex systems, there may be a set of such diagrams, exploring the (de)composition of more complex, architecturally interesting architectural elements. It is useful early, and throughout the evolution of the system, serving as an aid to thinking about and communicating system structure, evaluating alternatives, designing and redesigning as we create and evolve the system. Which is to say, in what follows, you will see the familiar, though sometimes disparaged, "block diagram" and component-responsibility templates and may react with a sense of dj vu. We recommend the open layered architectural style for J2EE service development. Thanks also to Michael Hill for pointing out the need for the When section! Each will be described later in this chapter. These insights are applicable to architectures of systems and systems-of-systems more generally, but the presentation here is in terms of software architecture. ), and dependencies and other relationships are also recorded. Each layer implements one technical function within the service. But again I must emphasize, Conceptual Architecture is not a write-once read-only (I carbon stamp myself with the allusion, huh?) Where the business function requires a record or image in time to be accessible, a date must be contained as an attribute on the occurrence. Component-Responsibility-Collaborator-Rationale (CRC-R) Descriptions. While articulating initial inroads to address ecological contextual issues, it does not go far enough in that aspect. The architecture should also allow us to consider how information is enabled and constrained. Beyond the (set of) Conceptual Architecture Diagram(s) and CRC-R descriptions, architectural mechanisms (i.e., mechanisms of architectural significance) are sketched (in diagrams and descriptions) to conceive and convey their essential design nature -- the design intent, contextual assumptions, structure, and "how it works" dynamic considerations. Autopoiesis is defined as the property of a living system that allows it to maintain and renew itself by regulating its composition and conserving its boundaries (Merriam-Webster). The architecture is tested in a reuse exercise applying it to another health care application. We're crafting lo-fidelity sketch-prototypes of the system structure, and iterating across the conception of the system and our discovery and exploration of how we might conceive of, arrange and build the system. Use of SQL for powerful postresult analytics and MapReduce to perform large-scale data processing on unstructured and semistructured data, Effectively use the sharding capabilities of MapReduce to scale up and scale out the data irrespective of volume or variety, Provide the business user all the data with the same interface tool that runs on SQL. The powerful combination of SQL when extended to MapReduce will enable users to explore larger volumes of raw data through normal SQL functions and regular BI tools. The entire platform by design is oriented to handle extremely large files and therefore is not suited for transaction processing. 2.5 shows a conceptual architecture of an SQL/MapReduce implementation. Newer socially oriented technologies, however, have been utilized through the study of computer-supported cooperative work that yield beneficial results for team cognition and the use of collaborative technologies to produce intelligence in contextual fields of practice (McNeese, Salas, & Endsley, in development). The applications restart/recovery, disaster backup and recovery, and security and audit considerations should not be overlooked. As we experiment on paper, it is cheap to postulate various alternatives and explore their ramifications. The data access layer has the responsibility of hiding the data access mechanism from upstream layers. Finally, the applicability of the tool must be tested on site, using real data and deadlines, comparing the results obtained with the ones developed by the current schedulers' procedure. Wenger suggested that, within a setting, learning is produced through conceptual architectures that exist on many levels and that lay down the general elements of design (Wenger 1998, p. 230) of a particular site and the preconditions that enable learning to occur. Thanks to Stuart Boardman and Charlie Alfred for comments. When this joint work is required, then an architecture that shares knowledge and understanding is desirable. What is being defined is the continuous flow of the occurrence sequence as measured and structured by calendar dates. If one layer changes, and the new layer supports the same interface contract as the one it is replacing, adjacent layers don't necessarily need to change. In summary, humane intelligence represents a significant conceptual waypoint in our own theorizing and thinking about how humanAI, humanrobotic interaction could come to pass. But what if the information was to become time-sensitive? And it allows us to think about the elements and how they play together. James McGovern, Sunil Mathew, in Java Web Services Architecture, 2003. Adopting an approach that establishes a distinct social ontology from which the social can be understood as a nexus of practices that are organized around shared practical understandings (Schatzki 2001, p. 3), allows us to see information literacy as a practice that is influenced by the sociocultural (the sayings, values, beliefs) and the sociotechnical and material features of practice (the doings, tools, symbols and signs of practice) that form the architecture of that space. Conceptual SQL/MapReduce architecture. The next generation of SQL/Mapreduce interfaces and libraries will solve a number of evolutionary challenges. The decision to formulate the term global city (Sassen 1984) stemmed out of a recognition of the specificity of the current period. Connecting this sequence of events, the entity occurrences activation (or birth) can be recorded, document the occurrences state changes and aging activities can be recorded, and finally, mark the occurrences inactivation or termination can be recorded. Taking the concept a step further they suggest that. Effectively use the sharding capabilities of MapReduce to scale up and scale out the data irrespective of volume or variety. We can think of conceptual architecture as sketch-prototyping the system, and create and evaluate different architectural alternatives. This first raised the issue of trust in automation and AI as a major facet of design (see Fan etal., 2008). An initial stage must include the leverage of information systems present at the customer, relying on data required, results reporting, data base maintenance, formats, security, resource requirements, compatibility, or company procedures. In this regard it could be said that most of today's major global cities are also world cities, but that there may well be some global cities that are not world cities in the full, rich sense of that term. As we conceive of the system structure, we're tackling questions of decomposition and modularity, with the dual of composition and emergent properties. A real implementation of a tool of this type requires a high level of customer integration and a timeline definition where the resources required to the usability are transferred from the developer to the customer. Finally, computing power has exploded with new models and architectures of cognition (e.g., SOAR, Laird, 2012; ACT-R, Anderson, 2005) that have evolved to much more than expert systems. ecosystem But even if we don't go that far, we are at least bringing a kind of mechanical order, complete with hierarchically composed sub-orders, to the system. malicious malware multicolour That is to say, for example, a component may play a minor role in system health monitoring and an active role with respect to some other system capability (e.g., providing shopping cart functionality). It is healthy to ascertain some of the elements of humane intelligence not represented in the architecture/approach that are important for EHRI of today. For instance, a data access layer is responsible for encapsulating the technical means for accessing a database. The question of when has been implied in the earlier sections, but to make the point explicit: we work on drafts of conceptual architecture early. Its interior decorating. Hence, "early. In the implementation phase: What specifically can be done to take advantage of the options given by a selected DBMS? ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. A conceptual architecture for information literacy practice, Humans interacting with intelligent machines: at the crossroads of symbiotic teamwork, McNeese, 1986; Rouse, 1976; Rouse & Morris, 1986, Humane intelligence was the beginning of a, McNeese, Salas, & Endsley, in development, Thus, from a data professionals perspective, history is a significant design issue that must be considered from, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, The globalization of economic activity entails a new type of organizational structure. Choosing how to name a configuration has its own substantive rationality. MapReduce on large clusters can be difficult to manage. These features are introduced here, as context, which influences discourse and information modality. Charles D. Tupper, in Data Architecture, 2011. SQL/MapReduce interfacethis is the layer that will create and distribute the jobs at the lowest MapReduce execution layer. And using CRC-Rs and informal descriptions to capture the design thinking (not just the outcome in terms of structure, but the reasoning, including assumptions we're making), so it can be improved and shared. The capabilities of the system emerge from the inter- and intra-working of the parts of the system, and mechanisms allow us to focus on specific processes within the system, conceptually (at this point) designing architecturally significant functions of parts of the system. Our particular approach in this project was to actively define the what and the how of human interaction, first with automation, and then with AI. Why: Motivation for the Conceptual Architecture View. While undated, it represents a static image of the information being retained on the database. Each layer in a layered architectural style is a package of software that has a well-defined interface and a few well-known dependencies with other layers. Provide the business user all the data with the same interface tool that runs on SQL. 
The conceptual architecture consists of components for monitoring events, interpreting events and information then adapting the system or providing information for human in the loop adaptation. These architectures serve to engage and align members who colonize a particular space. The economic trade offs and exploitation paths of development via generic architectures are reviewed. 
Humane intelligence sought the vision of an architecture that supported cognitively inspired thought with the collective induction of human and artificial minds, that could produce planning, resource allocation, and time management according to the demands presented to it. What determines who is in charge when given the human ultimately is always in charge? In summary then, Conceptual Architecture supports the design and evolution of the system, allowing us to pay attention to system level concerns, creating enough order at the system level to provide cognitive traction, while allowing for organic emergence of a natural order to the system. But it also shifts to a useful vehicle for system understanding, which behooves us to keep the conceptual architecture view(s) up-to-date as we evolve the system. 
The most common is world cities, a term attributed to Goethe and then relaunched in the work of Peter Hall (1966) and more recently respecified by John Friedmann (Friedmann and Goetz 1982). In theorizing information literacy, the task, therefore, is not to be prescriptive about skills but to identify the dimensions and activities that influence and mediate an understanding of what constitutes information and knowledge within a setting and the information-related activities that combine within a specific setting to form practice. Its the fabric of the curtains and the sofa. It also enables us to recognize how the discourse of a community prefigures how information is enabled or constrained within the setting by qualifying possible paths (Schatzki 2002) of activities that ensure the production and reproduction of information, the alignment of members and development of identity, all of which are required for effective participation. It also primarily looks at cognition without giving credence to how affectemotionsmotivation are important variables that are cogent for understanding behavior and designing robots that interact with agents-actors. The globalization of economic activity entails a new type of organizational structure. The concerns focused on at this point are related to giving shape to the system paying attention to user-facing capabilities, production/operations-facing challenges and developer-facing properties of the system. A system has functions just like a body has functions. The conceptualization of a product isn't limited to the conceptualization of its use, but the product in use. One wants the independence and autonomy of a robot to do work in context on its own strength of intelligence, but also one that is coupled to human intentions, therein the idea of joint intelligence is a hallmark of the approach taken. Fig. But the value to getting the "tribal memory" that exists in pockets and teams into a shared view, is enormous. These terms describe the entity occurrences attributes within the business problem area. 
Together, the expressions of the Conceptual Architecture form a conceptual framework within which we conceive of, reason about, communicate and share, extend and reify and evolve the key design ideas of the system.
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